A PCN encoding using 2 DSCPs to provide 3 or more states
draft-ietf-pcn-3-state-encoding-01

Abstract

Pre-congestion notification (PCN) is a mechanism designed to protect the Quality of Service of inelastic flows within a controlled domain. It does this by marking packets when traffic load on a link is approaching or has exceeded a threshold below the physical link rate. This experimental encoding scheme specifies how three encoding states can be carried in the IP header using a combination of two DSCPs and the ECN bits. The Basic scheme only allows for three encoding states. The Full scheme provides 6 states, enough for limited end-to-end support for ECN as well.

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Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
    1.1.  Changes from Previous Drafts (to be removed by the RFC Editor)
2.  Requirements notation
3.  Terminology
4.  The Requirement for Three PCN Encoding States
5.  Adding Limited End-to-End ECN Support to PCN
6.  Encoding Three PCN States in IP
    6.1.  Basic Three State Encoding
    6.2.  Full Three State Encoding
    6.3.  Common Diffserv Per-Hop Behaviour
    6.4.  Valid and invalid codepoint transitions at PCN-ingress-nodes
    6.5.  Valid and invalid codepoint transitions at PCN-interior-nodes
    6.6.  Forwarding traffic out of the PCN-domain
7.  PCN-domain support for the PCN extension encoding
    7.1.  End-to-End transport behaviour compliant with the PCN extension encoding
8.  IANA Considerations
9.  Security Considerations
10.  Conclusions
11.  Acknowledgements
12.  Comments Solicited
13.  References
    13.1.  Normative References
    13.2.  Informative References
§  Authors' Addresses

1.  Introduction

The objective of Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) [RFC5559] (Eardley, P., “Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) Architecture,” June 2009.) is to protect the quality of service (QoS) of inelastic flows within a Diffserv domain, in a simple, scalable and robust fashion. The overall rate of the PCN-traffic is metered on every link in the PCN-domain, and PCN-packets are appropriately marked when certain configured rates are exceeded. These configured rates are below the rate of the link thus providing notification before any congestion occurs (hence "pre-congestion notification"). The level of marking allows the boundary nodes to make decisions about whether to admit or block a new flow request, and (in abnormal circumstances) whether to terminate some of the existing flows, thereby protecting the QoS of previously admitted flows.

The baseline encoding described in [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.) provides for deployment scenarios that only require two PCN encoding states. This document describes an experimental extension to the base-encoding in the IP header that adds two capabilities:

• the addition of a third PCN encoding state in the IP header
• preservation of the end-to-end semantics of the ECN field even though PCN uses the field within a PCN-region that interrupts the end-to-end path

The second of these capabilities is optional and the reasons for doing it are discussed in Section 5 (Adding Limited End-to-End ECN Support to PCN).

As in the baseline encoding, this extension encoding re-uses the ECN bits within the IP header within a controlled PCN-domain. This extension requires the use of two DSCPs as described later in this document. This experimental scheme is one of three that are being proposed within the PCN working group. The aim is to allow implementors to decide which scheme is most suitable for possible future standardisation.

1.1.  Changes from Previous Drafts (to be removed by the RFC Editor)

From draft-ietf-pcn-3-state-encoding-00 to 01:

• Removed text implying the two DSCPs have different priority and added Section 6.3 (Common Diffserv Per-Hop Behaviour) specifying they must both have the same PHB.
• Made IANA considerations text more precise.
• Changed variable names for DSCP 1 & DSCP 2 to DSCP n & DSCP m to be consistent with baseline encoding.
• Updated refs

From draft-moncaster-pcn-3-state-encoding-01 to draft-ietf-pcn-3-state-encoding-00:

• Changed to WG draft. Title changed from "A three state extended PCN encoding scheme"
• Imposed new structure on document. This structure is intended to be followed by all extensions to the baseline PCN encoding scheme.
• Extensive changes throughout to ensure consistency with the baseline PCN encoding scheme.

From draft-moncaster-pcn-3-state-encoding-00 to 01:

• Checked terminology for consistency with [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.)
• Minor editorial changes.

2.  Requirements notation

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

3.  Terminology

Most of the terminology used in this document is defined either in [RFC5559] (Eardley, P., “Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) Architecture,” June 2009.) or in [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.). The following additional terms are defined in this document:

• PCN-flow - a flow covered by a reservation but which hasn't signalled that it requires end-to-end ECN support.
• PCN-enabled-ECN-flow - a flow covered by reservation and for which the end-to-end transport has explicitly negotiated ECN support from the PCN-boundary-nodes.
• Not-marked (xxx), where xxx represents a standard ECN codepoint - packets that are PCN capable but carry no PCN mark. Abbreviated as NM(xxx). The (xxx) represents the ECN codepoint that the packet arrived with at the PCN-ingress-node e.g. NM(CE) represents a PCN capable packet that has no PCN marking but which arrived with the ECN bits set to congestion experienced.

4.  The Requirement for Three PCN Encoding States

The PCN Marking Behaviours document [RFC5670] (Eardley, P., “Metering and Marking Behaviour of PCN-Nodes,” November 2009.) describes proposed PCN schemes that require traffic to be metered and marked using both Threshold and Excess Traffic schemes. In order to achieve this it is necessary to allow for three PCN encoding states. The constraints imposed by the way tunnels process the ECN field severely limit how to encode these states as explained in [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.) and [I‑D.ietf‑tsvwg‑ecn‑tunnel] (Briscoe, B., “Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion Notification,” December 2009.). The obvious way to provide one more encoding state than the base encoding is through the use of an additional PCN-compatible DiffServ codepoint.

One aim of this document is to allow for experiments to show whether such schemes are better than those that only employ two PCN encoding states. As such, the additional DSCP will be taken from the EXP/LU pools defined in [RFC2474] (Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, “Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers,” December 1998.). If the experiments demonstrate that PCN schemes employing three encoding states are significantly better than those only employing two, then at a later date IANA might be asked to assign a new PCN enabled DSCP from pool 1. Note that there are other experimental encoding schemes being considered which only use one DSCP but require either alternative tunnel semantics ([I‑D.ietf‑pcn‑3‑in‑1‑encoding] (Briscoe, B. and T. Moncaster, “PCN 3-State Encoding Extension in a single DSCP,” February 2010.)) or additional signalling ([I‑D.ietf‑pcn‑psdm‑encoding] (Menth, M., Babiarz, J., Moncaster, T., and B. Briscoe, “PCN Encoding for Packet-Specific Dual Marking (PSDM),” June 2009.))in order to work.

5.  Adding Limited End-to-End ECN Support to PCN

[I‑D.sarker‑pcn‑ecn‑pcn‑usecases] (Sarker, Z. and I. Johansson, “Usecases and Benefits of end to end ECN support in PCN Domains,” May 2008.) suggests a number of use-cases where explicit preservation of end-to-end ECN semantics might be needed across a PCN domain. One of the use-cases suggests that the end-nodes might be running rate-adaptive codecs that would respond to ECN marks by reducing their transmission rate. If the sending transport sets the ECT codepoint, the setting of the ECN field as it arrives at the PCN ingress node will need to be re-instated as it leaves the PCN egress node.

If a PCN region is starting to suffer pre-congestion then it may make sense to expose marks generated within the PCN region by forwarding CE marks from the PCN egress to such a rate-adaptive endpoint. They would be in addition to any CE marks generated elsewhere on the end-to-end path. This would allow the endpoints to reduce the traffic rate. This will in turn help to alleviate the pre-congestion, potentially averting any need for call blocking or termination. However, the 'leaking' of CE marks out of the PCN region is potentially dangerous and could violate [RFC4774] (Floyd, S., “Specifying Alternate Semantics for the Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Field,” November 2006.) if the end hosts don't understand ECN (see section 18.1.4 of [RFC3168] (Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, “The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP,” September 2001.)).

Therefore, a PCN region can only support end-to-end ECN if the PCN-boundary-nodes are sure that the end-to-end transport is ECN-capable. That way the PCN-egress-nodes can ensure that they only expose CE marks to those receivers that will correctly interpret them as a notification of congestion. The end-points may indicate they are ECN-capable through some higher-layer signalling process that sets up their reservation with the PCN boundary nodes. The exact process of negotiation is beyond the scope of this document but is likely to involve explicit two way signalling between the end-host and the PCN-domain.

In the absence of such signalling the default behaviour of the PCN egress node will be to clear the ECN field to 00 as in the baseline PCN encoding [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.).

6.  Encoding Three PCN States in IP

The three state PCN encoding scheme is based closely on that defined in [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.) so that there will be no compatibility issues if a PCN-domain changes from using the baseline encoding scheme to the experimental scheme described here. There are two versions of the scheme. The basic three state scheme allows for carrying both Threshold-marked (ThM) and Excess-traffic-marked (ETM) traffic. The full scheme additionally allows end-to-end ECN to be carried across the PCN-domain.

6.1.  Basic Three State Encoding

Table 1 (Encoding three PCN states in IP) below shows how to encode the three PCN states in IP.

(where DSCP n is a PCN-compatible DiffServ codepoint (see [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.)) and DSCP m is a PCN-compatible DSCP from the EXP/LU pools as defined in [RFC2474] (Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, “Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers,” December 1998.))

6.2.  Full Three State Encoding

Table 2 (Encoding three PCN states in IP) shows how to additionally carry the end-to-end ECN state in the IP header.

(where DSCP n is a PCN-compatible DiffServ codepoint (see [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.)) and DSCP m is a PCN-compatible DSCP from the EXP/LU pools as defined in [RFC2474] (Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, “Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers,” December 1998.))

The four different Not-marked (NM) states allow for the addition of limited end-to-end ECN support as explained in the previous section.

Warning

In order to comply with this encoding all the nodes within the PCN-domain MUST be configured with this encoding scheme. However there may be operators who choose not to be fully compliant with the scheme. If an operator chooses to leave some PCN-interior-nodes that only support two marking states (the baseline encoding [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.)), then they must be aware of the following: Ideally such nodes would be configured to indicate pre-congestion or congestion using the ETM state since this would ensure they could notify worst-case congestion, however this is not possible since it requires the packets to be re-marked to DSCP m (hence altering the baseline encoding). This means that such nodes will only be able to indicate ThM traffic.

6.3.  Common Diffserv Per-Hop Behaviour

Packets carrying Diffserv codepoint 'DSCP n' or 'DSCP m' MUST all be treated with the same Diffserv PHB [RFC2474] (Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, “Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers,” December 1998.). The choice of PHB is discussed in [RFC5559] (Eardley, P., “Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) Architecture,” June 2009.) and [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.).

Two DSCPs are merely used to provide sufficient PCN encoding states, there is no need or intention to provide different scheduling or drop preference for each row in the table of PCN codepoints. Specifically:

• Both DSCPs MUST be served in the same queue to prevent reordering within an application flow.
• Both DSCPs MUST be assigned the same drop preference. Note that [RFC5670] (Eardley, P., “Metering and Marking Behaviour of PCN-Nodes,” November 2009.) already provides for preferential drop of excess-rate-marked packets, so assigning additional drop preference at the coarser granularity of each DSCP would be incorrect.

6.4.  Valid and invalid codepoint transitions at PCN-ingress-nodes

A PCN-ingress-node operating the Basic version of the 3-State Encoding scheme MUST set the Not-marked codepoint on any arriving packet that belongs to a PCN-flow. It MUST set the not-PCN codepoint on any other packet.

A PCN-ingress-node operating the Full version of the 3-State Encoding scheme MUST establish whether a packet is a member of a PCN-enabled-ECN-flow. If it is, the PCN-ingress-node MUST set the appropriate NM(xxx) codepoint depending on the value carried in the ECN field of that packet. To be clear:

• A packet carrying the not-ECT codepoint in the ECN field MUST be assigned the NM(not-ECT) codepoint
• A packet carrying the ECT(0) codepoint in the ECN field MUST be assigned the NM(ECT(0)) codepoint
• A packet carrying the ECT(1) codepoint in the ECN field MUST be assigned the NM(ECT(1)) codepoint
• A packet carrying the CE codepoint in the ECN field MUST be assigned the NM(CE) codepoint

If it is not a member of such a flow then the behaviour MUST be the same as for the Basic version of the Encoding scheme.

6.5.  Valid and invalid codepoint transitions at PCN-interior-nodes

A PCN-interior-node MUST obey the following rules:

• It MUST NOT change the not-PCN codepoint to any other codepoint.
• It MAY change any Not-marked codepoint to either the Threshold-marked or Excess-traffic-marked codepoints.
• It MUST NOT change a Not-marked codepoint to the not-PCN codepoint.
• A Not-marked codepoint MUST NOT be changed to any other Not-marked codepoint.
• It MAY change the ThM codepoint to the ETM codepoint but it MUST NOT change the ThM codepoint to any other codepoint.
• It MUST NOT change the ETM codepoint to any other codepoint.

Obviously in every case a codepoint can remain unchanged. The precise rules governing which valid transition to use are set out in [RFC5670] (Eardley, P., “Metering and Marking Behaviour of PCN-Nodes,” November 2009.)

6.6.  Forwarding traffic out of the PCN-domain

As each packet exits the PCN-domain, the PCN-egress-node MUST check whether it belongs to a PCN-enabled-ECN-flow. If it belongs to such a flow then the following rules dictate how the ECN field should be reset:

• A packet carrying the not-PCN codepoint MUST be given the not-ECT codepoint.
• A packet carrying the NM(not-ECT) codepoint MUST be assigned the not-ECT codepoint.
• A packet carrying the NM(ECT(0)) codepoint MUST be assigned the ECT(0) codepoint.
• A packet carrying the NM(ECT(1)) codepoint MUST be assigned the ECT(1) codepoint.
• A packet carrying the NM(CE) codepoint MUST be assigned the CE codepoint.
• A packet carrying the ThM codepoint MUST be assigned CE codepoint.
• A packet carrying the ETM codepoint MUST be assigned CE codepoint.

If the packet is part of a PCN-flow then it MUST be assigned the not-ECT codepoint regardless of which PCN-codepoint it carried.

In addition all packets should have their DSCP reset to the appropriate DSCP for the next hop. If the next hop is not another PCN region this will not be a PCN-compatible DSCP, and by default will be the best-efforts DSCP. Alterntively, higher layer signalling mechanisms may allow the DSCP that packets entered the PCN-domain with to be reinstated.

7.  PCN-domain support for the PCN extension encoding

PCN traffic MUST be marked with a DiffServ codepoint that indicates PCN is enabled. To comply with the PCN extension encoding, codepoint 'DSCP n' MUST be a PCN-compatible DSCP assigned by IANA for use with the baseline PCN encoding [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.) while 'DSCP m' can be a DSCP from pools 2 or 3 for experimental and local use [RFC2474] (Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, “Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers,” December 1998.). The exact choice of DSCP may vary between PCN-domains but MUST be fixed within each PCN-domain.

7.1.  End-to-End transport behaviour compliant with the PCN extension encoding

Transports wishing to use both PCN and end-to-end ECN MUST establish that their path supports this combination. Support of end-to-end ECN by PCN-boundary-nodes is OPTIONAL. Therefore transports MUST check with both the PCN-ingress-node and PCN-egress-node for each flow. The sending of such a request MUST NOT be taken to mean the request has been granted. The PCN-boundary-nodes MAY choose to inform the end-node of a successful request. The exact mechanism for such negotiation is beyond the scope of this document. A transport that receives no response or a negative response to a request to support end-to-end ECN within a flow reservation MUST set the ECN field of all subsequent packets in that flow to Not-ECT if it wishes to guarantee that the flow will receive PCN treatment.

If a domain wishes to use the full scheme described in Table 2 (Encoding three PCN states in IP) all nodes in that domain MUST be configured to understand the full scheme.

If either of a PCN ingress-egress pair does not support end-to-end ECN or if the end-to-end transport does not request support for end-to-end ECN then the PCN-boundary-nodes MUST assume the packet belongs to a PCN-flow.

8.  IANA Considerations

This document asks IANA to assign one DiffServ codepoint from Pool 2 or Pool 3 (for experimental/local use)[RFC2474] (Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, “Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers,” December 1998.). Should this experimental PCN scheme prove sufficiently successful then IANA will be requested in a later document to assign a dedicated DiffServ codepoint from pool 1 for standards use and the experimental codepoint will be returned to its IANA pool.

9.  Security Considerations

The security concerns relating to this extended PCN encoding are essentially the same as those in [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.).

This extension coding gives end-to-end support for the ECN nonce [RFC3540] (Spring, N., Wetherall, D., and D. Ely, “Robust Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Signaling with Nonces,” June 2003.), which is intended to protect the sender against the receiver or against network elements concealing a congestion experienced marking or a lost packet. PCN-based reservations combined with end-to-end ECN are intended for partially inelastic traffic using rate-adaptive codecs. Therefore the end-to-end transport is unlikely to be TCP, but at this time the nonce has only been defined for TCP transports.

10.  Conclusions

This document describes an extended encoding scheme for PCN that provides for three encoding states as well as optional support for end-to-end ECN. The encoding scheme builds on the baseline encoding described in [RFC5696] (Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, “Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information,” November 2009.). Using this encoding scheme it is possible for operators to conduct experiments to check whether the addition of an extra encoding state will significantly improve the performance of PCN. It will also allow experiments to determine whether there is a need for end-to-end ECN support within the PCN-domain (as against end-to-end ECN support through the use of IP-in-IP tunnelling or by downgrading the traffic to a lower service class).

11.  Acknowledgements

This document builds extensively on work done in the PCN working group by Kwok Ho Chan, Georgios Karagiannis, Philip Eardley, Joe Babiarz and others. Full details of alternative schemes that were considered for adoption can be found in the document [I‑D.ietf‑pcn‑encoding‑comparison] (Chan, K., Karagiannis, G., Moncaster, T., Menth, M., Eardley, P., and B. Briscoe, “Pre-Congestion Notification Encoding Comparison,” October 2009.).

12.  Comments Solicited

(Section to be removed by RFC_Editor) Comments and questions are encouraged and very welcome. They can be addressed to the IETF Transport Area working group mailing list <tsvwg@ietf.org>, and/or to the authors.

13.  References

13.1. Normative References

13.2. Informative References

Authors' Addresses